Federalist Papers
The Federalist Papers are a series of 85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution. Seventy-seven of the essays were published serially in The Independent Journal and The New York Packet between October 1787 and August 1788. A compilation of these and eight others, called The Federalist; or, The New Constitution, was published in two volumes in 1788 by J. and A. McLean. The series’s correct title is The Federalist; the title The Federalist Papers did not emerge until the twentieth century.
The Federalist remains a primary source for interpretation of the U.S. Constitution, as the essays outline a lucid and compelling version of the philosophy and motivation of the proposed system of government. The authors of The Federalist wanted both to influence the vote in favor of ratification and to shape future interpretations of the Constitution. According to historian Richard B. Morris, they are an “incomparable exposition of the Constitution, a classic in political science unsurpassed in both breadth and depth by the product of any later American writer.” Source
The Importance of the Union (1-14)
- FEDERALIST No. 1 General Introduction
- FEDERALIST No. 2 Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence
- FEDERALIST No. 3 Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 4 Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 5 Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 6 Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States
- FEDERALIST No. 7 Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 8 The Consequences of Hostilities Between the States
- FEDERALIST No. 9 The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection
- FEDERALIST No. 10 The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 11 The Utility of the Union in Respect to Commercial Relations and a Navy
- FEDERALIST No. 12 The Utility of the Union In Respect to Revenue
- FEDERALIST No. 13 Advantage of the Union in Respect to Economy in Government
- FEDERALIST No. 14 Objections to the Proposed Constitution From Extent of Territory Answered
Defects of the Articles of Confederation (15-22)
- FEDERALIST No. 15 The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union
- FEDERALIST No. 16 The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 17 The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 18 The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 19 The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 20 The Insufficiency fo the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 21 Other Defects of the Present Confederation
- FEDERALIST No. 22 Other Defects of the Present Confederation (con’t)
Arguments for the Type of Government Contained in the Constitution (23-36)
- FEDERALIST No. 23 The Necessity of a Government as Energetic as the One Proposed to the Preservation of the Union
- FEDERALIST No. 24 The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered
- FEDERALIST No. 25 The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 26 The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered
- FEDERALIST No. 27 The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 28 The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 29 Concerning the Militia
- FEDERALIST No. 30 Concerning the General Power of Taxation
- FEDERALIST No. 31 Concerning the General Power of Taxation (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 32 Concerning the General Power of Taxation (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 33 Concerning the General Power of Taxation (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 34 Concerning the General Power of Taxation (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 35 Concerning the General Power of Taxation (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 36 Concerning the General Power of Taxation (con’t)
The Republican Form of Government (37-51)
- FEDERALIST No. 37 Concerning the Difficulties of the Convention in Devising a Proper Form of Government
- FEDERALIST No. 38 The Same Subject Continued, and the Incoherence of the Objections to the New Plan Exposed
- FEDERALIST No. 39 The Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles
- FEDERALIST No. 40 The Powers of the Convention to Form a Mixed Government Examined and Sustained
- FEDERALIST No. 41 General View of the Powers Conferred by The Constitution
- FEDERALIST No. 42 The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered
- FEDERALIST No. 43 The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 44 Restrictions on the Authority of the Several States
- FEDERALIST No. 45 The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered
- FEDERALIST No. 46 The Influence of the State and Federal Governments Compared
- FEDERALIST No. 47 The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts
- FEDERALIST No. 48 These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have No Constitutional Control Over Each Other
- FEDERALIST No. 49 Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of Government by Appealing to the People Through a Convention
- FEDERALIST No. 50 Periodical Appeals to the People Considered
- FEDERALIST No. 51 The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments
The Legislative Branch (52-66)
- FEDERALIST No. 52 The House of Representatives
- FEDERALIST No. 53 The House of Representatives (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 54 The Apportionment of Members Among the States
- FEDERALIST No. 55 The Total Number of the House of Representatives
- FEDERALIST No. 56 The Total Number of the House of Representatives (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 57 The Alleged Tendency of the New Plan to Elevate the Few at the Expense of the Many Considered in Connection with Representation
- FEDERALIST No. 58 Objection That The Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as the Progress of Population Demands Considered
- FEDERALIST No. 59 Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members
- FEDERALIST No. 60 Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 61 Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 62 The Senate
- FEDERALIST No. 63 The Senate (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 64 The Powers of the Senate
- FEDERALIST No. 65 The Powers of the Senate (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 66 Objections to the Power of the Senate To Set as a Court for Impeachments Further Considered
The Executive Branch (67-77)
- FEDERALIST No. 67 The Executive Department
- FEDERALIST No. 68 The Mode of Electing the President
- FEDERALIST No. 69 The Real Character of the Executive
- FEDERALIST No. 70 The Executive Department Further Considered
- FEDERALIST No. 71 The Duration in Office of the Executive
- FEDERALIST No. 72 The Same Subject Continued, and Re-Eligibility of the Executive Considered
- FEDERALIST No. 73 The Provision For The Support of the Executive, and the Veto Power
- FEDERALIST No. 74 The Command of the Military and Naval Forces, and the Pardoning Power of the Executive
- FEDERALIST No. 75 The Treaty-Making Power of the Executive
- FEDERALIST No. 76 The Appointing Power of the Executive
- FEDERALIST No. 77 The Appointing Power Continued and Other Powers of the Executive Considered
The Judicial Branch (78-83)
- FEDERALIST No. 78 The Judiciary Department
- FEDERALIST No. 79 The Judiciary (con’t)
- FEDERALIST No. 80 The Powers of the Judiciary
- FEDERALIST No. 81 The Judiciary Continued, and the Distribution of the Judicial Authority
- FEDERALIST No. 82 The Judiciary Continued
- FEDERALIST No. 83 The Judiciary Continued in Relation to Trial by Jury
Conclusions and Miscellaneous Ideas
- FEDERALIST No. 84 Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered
- FEDERALIST No. 85 Concluding Remarks